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Business ethics (also corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations. Business ethics has normative and descriptive dimensions. As a corporate practice and a career specialization, the field is primarily normative. Academics attempting to understand business behavior employ descriptive methods. The range and quantity of business ethical issues reflects the interaction of profit-maximizing behavior with non-economic concerns. Interest in business ethics accelerated dramatically during the 1980s and 1990s, both within major corporations and within academia. For example, most major corporations today promote their commitment to non-economic values under headings such as ethics codes and social responsibility charters. Adam Smith said, "People of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices."〔Smith, A (1776/ 1952) An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, p. 55〕 Governments use laws and regulations to point business behavior in what they perceive to be beneficial directions. Ethics implicitly regulates areas and details of behavior that lie beyond governmental control. The emergence of large corporations with limited relationships and sensitivity to the communities in which they operate accelerated the development of formal ethics regimes. ==History== Business ethical norms reflect the norms of each historical period. As time passes norms evolve, causing accepted behaviors to become objectionable. Business ethics and the resulting behavior evolved as well. Business was involved in slavery,〔(Slavery and the Making of America—Episode 1 ). Video.google.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-02.〕〔Kingsolver, A. (2008). Capitalism. Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. J. H. Moore. Detroit, Macmillan reference ISBN 0-02-866021-8 pp. 268–271.〕〔Williams, E. (1994 ()). (Capitalism and Slavery ). Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina Press. "Slavery was not born of racism: rather, racism was the consequence of slavery. Unfree labor in the New World was brown, white, black, and yellow; Catholic, Protestant and pagan"〕 colonialism,〔(King Leopold II King of Belgium—King of the Congo ). Video.google.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-02.〕〔Robotham, D. (2005). Political Economy. A Handbook of Economic Anthropology. J. G. Carrier. Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar ISBN 1-84376-175-0 pp. 41–58〕 and the cold war.〔Berger D., Easterly W, ''et al.'' (2010) (Commercial Imperialism? Political Influence and Trade During the Cold War ). NBER Working Paper No. 15981.〕 The term 'business ethics' came into common use in the United States in the early 1970s. By the mid-1980s at least 500 courses in business ethics reached 40,000 students, using some twenty textbooks and at least ten casebooks along supported by professional societies, centers and journals of business ethics. The Society for Business Ethics was started in 1980. European business schools adopted business ethics after 1987 commencing with the European Business Ethics Network (EBEN).〔Richard T. De George〕〔(History of Business Ethics ). Scu.edu (2005-02-19). Retrieved on 2010-09-02.〕〔Madsen, Essentials of Business Ethics〕 In 1982 the first single-authored books in the field appeared.〔Richard De George, Business Ethics〕〔Manuel G. Velasquez, Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases.〕 Firms started highlighting their ethical stature in the late 1980s and early 1990s, possibly trying to distance themselves from the business scandals of the day, such as the savings and loan crisis. The idea of business ethics caught the attention of academics, media and business firms by the end of the Cold War.〔〔Moon, Chris Et al.(2001) Business Ethics. London: The Economist:119–132〕〔(MBA Institutes & Business school networks: IIMA, IIMB, IIMC, IIML, IIMK, IIMI, ISB, Great lakes, XLRI, JBIMS, FMS ). Coolavenues.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-02.〕 However, legitimate criticism of business practices was attacked for infringing the "freedom" of entrepreneurs and critics were accused of supporting communists.〔 The entire book discusses unethical business practices and CIA collaborating with each other with appropriate documentary evidence.〕〔(Confessions of An Economic Hit Man—What Really Goes on Behind Global Affairs ). Video.google.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-02.〕 This scuttled the discourse of business ethics both in media and academia.〔Chomsky, N. (1989). (Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies London ), Pluto Press ISBN 0-89608-366-7.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Business ethics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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